S. V. Komisarenko, S. I. Romaniuk

Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Department of Molecular Immunology, Kyiv;
e-mail: svk@biochem.kiev.ua

Received:  26 August 2025; Revised: 03 October 2025; Accepted: 30 October 2025

This review summarizes the scientific accomplishments of the Department of Molecular Immunology at the Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine over the period 1975–2025. Particular attention is given to studies on the mechanisms and functions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed in lymphocytes, focusing on their role in inflammatory processes, including those associated with Alzheimer’s disease, COVID-19 and post-COVID syndrome. The review also covers research on the mathematical modeling of interactions between polyreactive immunoglobulins (PRIGs) and antigens, as well as studies on the biological functions of these antibodies. Additionally, it examines the antigenic, immunogenic, and immunobiological properties of proteins – especially recombinant proteins – that could serve as key components of diagnostic test systems and next-generation vaccines for respiratory infectious diseases such as pertussis, diphtheria, tuberculosis and COVID-19. The article further considers opportunities to develop therapeutic agents based on recombinant proteins, including single-chain variable fragment (including scFv antibodies), vitamin complexes and other bioactive components for the treatment of human diseases. Special attention is also given to efforts aimed at disseminating knowledge on biosafety, bioprotection and bioethics in Ukraine. Finally, the review looks at future prospects for the Department of Molecular Immunology, in light of current challenges and new opportunities, particularly those arising from rapid advances in biotechnology.