Y. Tamilselvi*, P. Velmurugan, K. Sivasubramanian

Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine,
Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, India;
*e-mail: pughazselvi@gmail.com

Received: 12 May 2025; Revised: 29 September 2025;
Accepted: 30 January 2026; Available on-line: February 2026

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a resilient subset of tumor cells, able to evade immune detection and rapidly­ proliferate, are responsible for the metastasis, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance observed across various­ cancers. Recent research has concentrated on understanding the molecular networks that support CSCs immune evasion, self-renewal, and adaptability. Signaling pathways (Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, JAK-STAT) and surface markers (CD44, CD133, ALDH1) that characterize CSC behaviour are compiled in this review. We highlight the expanding usefulness of omics technologies, such as CRISPR functional genomics, single-cell transcriptomics, and spatial proteomics, in determining vulnerabilities unique to CSCs and guiding­ tailored treatment plans.

Keywords: cancer stem cells, resistance to treatment, signalling pathways, surface markers, targeted therapy