Ukr.Biochem.J. 2024; Volume 96, Issue 3, May-Jun, pp. 122-142

doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/ubj96.03.122

It is time to pay tribute to women in science: the women who won the Nobel prizes in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine

T. V. Danylova1,2*, S. V. Komisarenko3

1Institute for Social and Political Psychology, National Academy
of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv;
2The Graduate School for Social Research, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology
of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland;
*e-mail: danilova_tv@ukr.net;
3Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv;
e-mail:svk@biochem.kiev.ua

Received: 12 April 2024; Revised: 14 May2024;
Accepted: 31 May 2024; Available on-line: 17 June 2024

In the 21st century, it is time to recognize the essential role of women in science. The study carried out by women-scientists makes it possible to combine brightness of mind, deep knowledge with humaneness and wisdom. Their approaches to the problems and the ways to solve them are largely determined by their maps of meaning and existential experience that can enrich and expand the scientific field and, as a result, can offer unexpected but most effective ways to solve the problem. However, women face obstacles in advancing their careers in science, and the situation is even more discouraging when it comes to winning science awards, the most prestigious of which is the Nobel Prize. Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes were awarded 621 times to 965 individuals and 27 organizations, but only 64 of them were women-scientists. While we recognize and praise all women – Nobel laureates, this paper pays special attention to women who have received Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine and briefly outlines their scientific achievements. A more detailed description of their life and scientific journey will be provided in subsequent articles.

Keywords: , ,


References:

  1. International Day of Women and Girls in Science. UNESCO International days. UNESCO. Regime of access: https://www.unesco.org/en/days/women-girls-science. (Accessed January 15, 2024).
  2. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations. Regime of access: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/09/no-country-has-yet-achieved-equality-between-men-and-women-un-human-rights-chief/. (Accessed January 16, 2024).
  3. Danylova TV. Towards Gender Equality: Ukraine in the 21st century. Anthropol Meas Philos Res. 2013;(4): 43-51. CrossRef
  4. International Day of Women and Girls in Science. Georgia Tech. 2024. Regime of access: https://research.gatech.edu/international-day-women-and-girls-science. (Accessed January 17, 2024).
  5. Huyer S. Is the gender gap narrowing in science and engineering? In: UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNESCO Publishing, 2015. Regime of access: https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/unesco-science-report-towards-2030-part1.pdf. (Accessed January 18, 2024).
  6. Danylova TV, Kats LA. “All Animals Are Equal, But Some Animals Are More Equal Than Others”: The Negative Impact of Gender Inequality on the Global Economy and Public Health. Anthropol Meas Philos Res. 2019;(15):101-110. CrossRef
  7. Great minds think differently. The Nobel Prize is a celebration of excellence. The Swedish Nobel Prize. 2023. Regime of access: https://sweden.se/work-business/study-research/the-swedish-nobel-prize. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  8. All Nobel Prizes. The Nobel Prize. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  9. Nobel Prize awarded women. The Nobel Prize. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women/ (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  10. Gibney E. What the Nobels are – and aren’t – doing to encourage diversity. Nature. 2018;562(7725):19. PubMed, CrossRef
  11. Frazee G. Why the 2019 Nobel Prizes in STEM struggled with diversity. PBS NewsHour. October 14, 2019. Regime of access: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/making-sense/why-the-nobel-prizes-in-science-are-struggling-with-diversity. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  12. Nobel prize will have no gender or ethnicity quotas, academy head says. The Guardian. 12 October, 2021. Regime of access: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/oct/12/nobel-prize-will-have-no-gender-or-ethnicity-quotas-academy-head-says. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  13. Marie Curie. Wikimedia Commons. Regime of access: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marie-Curie.jpg. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  14. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903. The Nobel Prize. 1903. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/summary/. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  15. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911. The Nobel Prize. 1911. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1911/summary/. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  16. Marie Curie. Today in Science History. Regime of access: https://todayinsci.com/C/Curie_Marie/CurieMarie-Science-Quotations.htm (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  17. Irène Joliot-Curie. The Nobel Prize. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/irene-joliot-curie. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  18. Irène Joliot-Curie (1897 – 1956). AtomicArchive. Regime of access: https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/biographies/irene-curie.html. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  19. Irène Joliot-Curie. Facts. The Nobel Prize. 1935. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/facts/. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  20. Family Nobel Prize laureates. The Nobel Prize. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/. (Accessed January 19, 2024).
  21. Dr. Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori. Biography. Celebrating America’s Women Physicians. Regime of access: https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_69.html. (Accessed January 20, 2024).
  22. Gerty Theresa Cori (1896 – 1957). ACS Chemistry for Life. Regime of access: https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/women-scientists/gerty-theresa-cori.html. (Accessed January 20, 2024).
  23. Vynogradova RP, Danilova VM, Komisarenko SV. The Nobel laureates’ contributions to the study of carbohydrate metabolism and its regulation. A. Harden, H. Euler-Chelpin, C. F. Cori, G. T. Cori, E. Sutherland, L. F. Leloir, H. Krebs, F. Lipmann, P. Mitchell. Ukr Biochem J. 2020;92(1):135-163. CrossRef
  24. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947. The Nobel Prize. 1947. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/summary/. (Accessed January 20, 2024).
  25. Cohn M. Gerty Theresa Cori. August 15, 1896 – October 26, 1957. The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. Jewish Women’s Archive. 1999. Regime of access: https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/cori-gerty-theresa. (Accessed January 20, 2024).
  26. Boon R. Celebrating Dorothy Hodgkin. Science Museum. 2014. Regime of access: https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/celebrating-dorothy-hodgkin-britains-first-female-winner-of-a-nobel-science-prize/. (Accessed January 20, 2024).
  27. Dorothy Hodgkin FRS. The Royal Society. Regime of access: https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/diversity-in-science/scientists-with-disabilities/dorothy-hodgkin/. (Accessed January 20, 2024).
  28. Danilova VM, Vynogradova RP, Komisarenko SV. The contribution of the Nobel prize laureates to the development of knowledge of vitamin biochemistry: Ch. Eijkman, F. G. Hopkins, A. Szent-Györgyi, W. Haworth, P. Karrer, R. Kuhn, H. Dam, E. A. Doisy, G. Minot, W. Murphy, G. Whipple, D. Hodgkin, R. Woodward. Ukr Biochem J. 2019;91(4):95-117. CrossRef
  29. Glusker JP. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994). Protein Sci. 1994;3(12):2465-2469. PubMed, PubMedCentral, CrossRef
  30. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964. The Nobel Prize. 1964. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1964/summary/. (Accessed January 20, 2024).
  31. Glick S. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921-2011). Nature. 2011;474(7353):580. PubMed, CrossRef
  32. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011). ACS Chemistry for Life. Regime of access: https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/women-scientists/rosalyn-sussman-yalow.html. (Accessed January 21, 2024).
  33. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow. Wikipedia. 2024. Regime of access: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow. (Accessed January 21, 2024).
  34. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977. The Nobel Prize. 1977. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1977/summary/. (Accessed January 21, 2024).
  35. Kahn CR, Roth J. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011). Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(3):669-670. CrossRef
  36. Taitz E., Fields, T. Rosalyn Yalow. July 19, 1921 – May 30, 2011. The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. Jewish Women’s Archive. 2022. Regime of access: https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/yalow-rosalyn. (Accessed January 21, 2024).
  37. Women’s History Month – Barbara McClintock. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 2014. Regime of access: https://www.cshl.edu/archives-blog/womens-history-month-barbara-mcclintock/. (Accessed January 21, 2024).
  38. Richards K. Barbara McClintock. 1902– 1992. Museum of Natural History. University of Oxford. Regime of access: https://oumnh.ox.ac.uk/learn-barbara-mcclintock. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  39. Ravindran S. Barbara McClintock and the discovery of jumping genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(50):20198-20199. PubMed, PubMedCentral, CrossRef
  40. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983. The Nobel Prize. 1983. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1983/summary/. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  41. Barbara McClintock. The Barbara McClintock Papers. Biographical Overview. National Library of Medicine. Regime of access: https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/ll/feature/biographical-overview. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  42. Dubinsky E. Rita Levi-Montalcini (b. 1909). Regime of access: https://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mig/bios/levi-montalcini.html. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  43. Britannica. The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Rita Levi-Montalcini. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rita-Levi-Montalcini. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  44. Rita-Levi-Montalcini. National Academy of Sciences. Regime of access: https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/53313.html. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  45. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986. The Nobel Prize. 1986. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1986/summary/. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  46. Nidam-Orvieto I. Rita-Levi-Montalcini, April 22, 1909 – 2012. The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. Jewish Women’s Archive. Regime of access: https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/levi-montalcini-rita. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  47. Gertrude B. Elion. Women who changed science. The Nobel Prize. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/gertrude-elion. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  48. Gertrude Belle Elion. National Women’s Hall of Fame. Regime of access: https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/gertrude-belle-elion/. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  49. Gertrude Elion (1918 – 1999). ACS. Chemistry for Life. Regime of access: https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/women-scientists/gertrude-elion.html. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  50. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988. The Nobel Prize. 1988. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1988/summary/. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  51. Avery ME. Gertrude B. Elion (1918-1999). Biographical Memoirs, vol. 78, Washington: The National Academy Press, 2000. P. 17-29.
  52. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. Pioneers of Science. Regime of access: https://www.nobel.mpg.de/en/christiane-n%C3%BCsslein-volhard. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  53. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. Women who changed science. The Nobel Prize. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/christiane-nusslein-volhard. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  54. Professor Dr. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. Leopoldina. Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften. Regime of access: https://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/list-of-members/member/Member/show/christiane-nuesslein-volhard/. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  55. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995. The Nobel Prize. 1995. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/summary/. (Accessed January 22, 2024).
  56. Linda B. Buck. Regime of access: http://med.eshire.net/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).
  57. Buck, Linda B. Who’s Who. Vol. 2016. 2019. Oxford: A & C Black. Regime of access: https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U244928. (Accessed January 23, 2024).
  58. Mombaerts P, Wang F, Dulac C, Chao SK, Nemes A, Mendelsohn M, Edmondson J, Axel R. Visualizing an olfactory sensory map. Cell. 1996;87(4):675-686. PubMed, CrossRef
  59. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004. The Nobel Prize. 2004. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2004/summary/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).
  60. Linda B. Buck. Women who changed science. The Nobel Prize. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/linda-buck#:~:text=Do%20something%20that%20you’re,the%20great%20discoveries%20come%20from. (Accessed January 23, 2024).
  61. Discovering HIV started ‘race against time’: Barré-Sinoussi. Culture. The Jakarta Post. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.thejakartapost.com/culture/2023/05/10/discovering-hiv-started-race-against-time-barre-sinoussi-.html. (Accessed January 23, 2024).
  62. Britannica. The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Françoise Barré-Sinoussi. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francoise-Barre-Sinoussi. (Accessed January 23, 2024).
  63. Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, PhD. AWIS. Regime of access: https://awis.org/historical-women/francoise-barre-sinoussi-phd/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).
  64. Françoise Barré-Sinoussi. History. Institut Pasteur. Regime of access: https://www.pasteur.fr/en/institut-pasteur/history/francoise-barre-sinoussi. (Accessed January 23, 2024).
  65. Koelbl H. The Extraordinary Path of Nobel Laureate Françoise Barré-Sinoussi. The MIT PRESS Reader. Regime of access: https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-extraordinary-path-of-nobel-laureate-francoise-barre-sinoussi/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).
  66. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008. The Nobel Prize. 2008. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2008/summary/. (Accessed January 23, 2024).
  67. Kirkland A. Nobel Women of Science. Optics and Photonics News. 2021. Regime of access: https://www.optica-opn.org/home/articles/volume_32/september_2021/departments/nobel_women_of_science/. (Accessed January 24, 2024).
  68. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009. The Nobel Prize. 2009. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2009/summary/. (Accessed January 24, 2024).
  69. Popular information. The Nobel Prize. 2009. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2009/popular-information/. (Accessed January 24, 2024).
  70. Herbert BS. The impact of telomeres and telomerase in cellular biology and medicine: it’s not the end of the story. J Cell Mol Med. 2011;15(1):1-2. PubMed, PubMedCentral, CrossRef
  71. Singer T. Telomeres: Aging Secrets to Help You Stay Healthy. The Breakthrough That Will Change the Way You Age. The Oprah Magazine. Huffpost. October 10, 2012. Regime of access: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/telomeres-aging-antiage-telomerase_n_1955963. (Accessed January 24, 2024).
  72. Bushell W, Castle R, Williams MA, Brouwer KC, Tanzi RE, Chopra D, Mills PJ. Meditation and Yoga Practices as Potential Adjunctive Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19: A Brief Overview of Key Subjects. J Altern Complement Med. 2020;26(7):547-556. PubMed, CrossRef
  73. Danylova TV, Shmarhun VM, Vertel AV, Matyushko BK, Bondarenko AF, Kychkyruk T, Petersen J. Effects of the Eastern mind-body practices on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: When East meets West. Wiad Lek. 2021;74(11 p.I):2850-2855. CrossRef
  74. Danylova T, Vovk A, Hoian I, Kholodynska S, Honcharenko K, Ishchenko O, Bezhnar A. Philosophy and Mental Health. Wiad Lek. 2023;76(8):1866-1873. CrossRef
  75. Carol Greider. Women who changed science. The Nobel Prize. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/carol-greider. (Accessed January 24, 2024).
  76. Otmani M. Ada E Yonath – She cracked the ribosome structure. Nordic Life Science News. 2010. Regime of access: https://nordiclifescience.org/ada-e-yonath-she-cracked-the-ribosome-structure/. (Accessed January 25, 2024).
  77. Klenke K. Women in Leadership: Contextual Dynamics and Boundaries. Emerald Group Publishing, 2011. 350 p.
  78. Wittung-Stafshede P. Ada Yonath. Biophysics Week 2016. Biophysical Society. Regime of access: https://www.biophysics.org/profiles/ada-yonath. (Accessed January 25, 2024).
  79. Rogers K. Ada Yonath. Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 June 2023. Regime of access: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ada-Yonath. (Accessed January 25, 2024).
  80. Hanel S. Ada Yonath – The Pioneer. Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings. 2015. Regime of access: https://www.lindau-nobel.org/ada-yonath-the-pioneer/. (Accessed January 25, 2024).
  81. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009. The Nobel Prize. 2009. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2009/summary/. (Accessed January 25, 2024).
  82. Ada E. Yonath. Women who changed science. The Nobel Prize. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/ada-yonath. (Accessed January 25, 2024).
  83. Jakobsen S.E. Nobel laureate May-Britt Moser: “The Norwegian stance on equality game me a unique opportunity”. The Research Council of Norway. partner.sciencenorway.no. 16 October, 2020. Regime of access: https://partner.sciencenorway.no/biology-brain-nobel-prize-winners/nobel-laureate-may-britt-moserthe-norwegian-stance-on-equality-gave-me-a-unique-opportunity/1756519. (Accessed January 26, 2024).
  84. Rogers K. May-Britt Moser. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024. Regime of access: https://www.britannica.com/biography/May-Britt-Moser; May Britt Moser. NTNU: Norwegian university of Science and Technology. https://www.ntnu.edu/employees/may-britt.moser. (Accessed January 26, 2024).
  85. Moser M.-B., Moser E.I. The Brain’s GPS tells You Where You Are and Where You’ve Come From. Scientific American. December 1, 2016. Regime of access: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-brain-rsquo-s-gps-tells-you-where-you-are-and-where-you-rsquo-ve-come-from/. (Accessed January 26, 2024).
  86. Professor Dr. May-Britt Moser. Leopoldina. Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften. Regime of access: https://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/list-of-members/member/Member/show/may-britt-moser/. (Accessed January 26, 2024).
  87. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014. The Nobel Prize. 2014. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/summary/. (Accessed January 26, 2024).
  88. Hunt K., Lu S. Nobel Prize winner Tu Youyou combed ancient Chinese texts for malaria cure. Vital Signs with Dr. Sanjay Gupta. CNN. October 6, 2015. Regime of access: https://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/06/asia/china-malaria-nobel-prize-tu-youyou/index.html. (Accessed January 27, 2024).
  89. Tu Youyou. Timeline Stories. Women in Exploration… changing the world for the better. Regime of access: https://www.womeninexploration.org/timeline/tu-youyou/. (Accessed January 27, 2024).
  90. Su XZ, Miller LH. The discovery of artemisinin and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Sci China Life Sci. 2015;58(11):1175-1179. PubMed, PubMedCentral, CrossRef
  91. Rogers K. Tu Youyou. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tu-Youyou. (Accessed January 27, 2024).
  92. Li M., Liang Y. Ge Hong and Zhou Hou Jiu Zu Fang (A Handbook of Formulas for Emergencies). J Trad Chin Med Sci. 2016; 3: 1-2.
  93. Lin L. Ge Hong connects Tu Youyou with Nobel Prize. China.org.cn. October 14, 2015. Regime of access: http://www.china.org.cn/china/2015-10/14/content_36812042.htm. (Accessed January 27, 2024).
  94. Tu Youyou. Women who changed science. The Nobel Prize. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/tu-youyou. (Accessed January 27, 2024).
  95. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015. The Nobel Prize. 2015. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2015/summary/. (Accessed January 27, 2024).
  96. Sanders R. Chemistry Nobel goes to UC Berkeley Ph.D. Frances Arnold. News. Berkeley Research University of California. 2018. Regime of access: https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/news/chemistry-nobel-goes-uc-berkeley-phd-frances-arnold. (Accessed January 29, 2024).
  97. Garcia S.E. Nobel Prize in Chemistry goes to Chemical Engineer Ms. Frances H. Arnold, Ph.D. Girls Engineer Maine. The University of Maine. Regime of access: https://umaine.edu/gem/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-goes-to-chemical-engineer-ms-frances-h-arnold-ph-d/ (Accessed January 29, 2024).
  98. Frances H. Arnold. Women who changed science. The Nobel Prize. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/frances-arnold. (Accessed January 29, 2024).
  99. Gregersen, E. Frances Arnold. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frances-Arnold. (Accessed January 29, 2024).
  100. Frances H. Arnold. Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Caltech. Regime of access: https://cce.caltech.edu/people/frances-h-arnold. (Accessed January 29, 2024).
  101. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018. The Nobel Prize. 2018. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2018/summary/. (Accessed January 29, 2024).
  102. Rincon P. Two women share chemistry Nobel in historic win for ‘genetic scissors. Science. 7 October 2020. BBC News. Regime of access: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54432589. (Accessed January 30, 2024).
  103. Emmanuelle Charpentier. Emmanuelle Charpentier. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.emmanuelle-charpentier.org/ (Accessed January 30, 2024).
  104. Rogers K. Jennifer Doudna. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024. Regime of access: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jennifer-Doudna. (Accessed January 30, 2024).
  105. Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier win 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. News. 2020. UNESCO. Regime of access: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/jennifer-doudna-and-emmanuelle-charpentier-win-2020-nobel-prize-chemistry. (Accessed January 30, 2024).
  106. Press Release. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020. The Nobel Prize. 2020. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/press-release/. (Accessed January 30, 2024).
  107. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020. The Nobel Prize. 2020. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/summary/. (Accessed January 30, 2024).
  108. Mukhopadhyay R. Keeping it real. ASBMB Today. September 1, 2016. ASBMB. Regime of access: https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/people/090116/keeping-it-real. (Accessed February 01, 2024).
  109. Rogers K., Gregersen E. Carolyn R. Bertozzi. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carolyn-R-Bertozzi. (Accessed February 01, 2024).
  110. Carolyn Bertozzi. Facts. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022. The Nobel Prize. 2022. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2022/bertozzi/facts/. (Accessed February 01, 2024).
  111. Carolyn Bertozzi. Chemistry. Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. Stanford University. Regime of access: https://chemistry.stanford.edu/people/carolyn-bertozzi. (Accessed February 01, 2024).
  112. Carolyn R. Bertozzi, PhD. Investigator. 2000 – Present. hhmi. Regime of access: https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/carolyn-r-bertozzi. (Accessed February 01, 2024).
  113. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022. The Nobel Prize. 2022. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2022/summary/. (Accessed February 01, 2024).
  114. Dahlcamp O. Nobel Prize-winning chemist Carolyn Bertozzi talks research, identity as LGBTQ+ woman. University News. December 6, 2023. The Brown Daily Herald. Regime of access: https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2023/12/nobel-prize-winning-chemist-carolyn-bertozzi-talks-research-identity-as-lgbtq-woman. (Accessed February 01, 2024).
  115. Katalin Karikó. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Regime of access: https://www.invent.org/inductees/katalin-kariko. (Accessed February 02, 2024).
  116. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. The intersection of COVID-19 and mental health. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(11):1217. PubMed, PubMedCentral, CrossRef
  117. Hogan MJ, Pardi N. mRNA Vaccines in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. Annu Rev Med. 2022;73(1):17-39. PubMed, CrossRef
  118. Keyton D, Corder M, Burakoff M. Karikó and Weissman win Nobel Prize in medicine for work that enabled mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. World News. 2023. AP. Regime of access: https://apnews.com/article/nobel-prize-medicine-71306bd18785477f3a85a69caa6e09c9. (Accessed February 02, 2024).
  119. Rogers K. Katalin Karikó. Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Jan. 2024. Regime of access: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Katalin-Kariko. (Accessed February 02, 2024).
  120. Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023. News. World Health Organization. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.who.int/srilanka/news/detail/15-12-2023-katalin-karik–and-drew-weissman-were-jointly-awarded-the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-2023. (Accessed February 02, 2024).
  121. he Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023. The Nobel Prize. 2023. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/. (Accessed February 02, 2024).
  122. L’Oréal-UNESCO for Women in Science. National and regional programs. For Women in Science. Regime of access: https://www.forwomeninscience.com/map/. (Accessed February 04, 2024).
  123. L’Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Programme. UNESCO. Regime of access: https://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/women-science/awards. (Accessed February 04, 2024).
  124. Global Forum: The Future for Women and Girls in Science. 2023. UNESCO. Regime of access: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/global-forum-future-women-and-girls-science. (Accessed February 04, 2024).
  125. IIE Scholar Rescue Fund. 2024. Regime of access: https://www.scholarrescuefund.org/. (Accessed February 07, 2024).
  126. IIE-SRF By the Numbers. IIE Scholar Rescue Fund. 2024. Regime of access: https://www.scholarrescuefund.org/about-us/by-the-numbers/. (Accessed February 07, 2024).
  127. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925. The Nobel Prize. 1925. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1925/summary/. (Accessed February 07, 2024).
  128. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922. The Nobel Prize. 1922. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1922/summary/. (Accessed February 07, 2024).
  129. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952. The Nobel Prize. 1952. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1952/summary/. (Accessed February 07, 2024).
  130. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929. The Nobel Prize. 1929. Regime of access: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1929/summary/. (Accessed February 07, 2024).
  131. A Beacon of Hope. IIE’s First 100 Years of Scholar Rescue. Institute of International Education, 2020. 126 p.
  132. Alumna Marycelin Baba honored by L’Oréal-UNESCO International Awards for Women in Science. IIE Scholar Rescue Fund. The Beacon. 2023. Regime of access: https://mailchi.mp/iie/iie-srf-beacon-july2023?e=0755a3fa2b. (Accessed February 08, 2024).
  133. Ukrainian women and girls in science. Ukraine Now. 2022. Regime of access: https://ukraine.ua/stories/ukrainian-women-in-science/#:~:text=In%202018%2C%20the%20’For%20Women,receive%20this%20award%20every%20year. (Accessed February 08, 2024).
  134. Danylova TV, Komisarenko SV. Born in Ukraine: Nobel prize Winners Ilya Mechnikov, Selman Waksman, Roald Hoffmann AND Georges Charpak. Ukr Biochem J. 2019;91(3):127-137. CrossRef
  135. Wilson R.A. Prometheus Rising. Hilaritas Press, 2016. 321 p.

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.